Musicals

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1. Billywilder’s America Billy Wilder’s 1950s films included some of the most famous sex comedies of the era, such as the raucous The Seven Year Itch (1955), in which a wandering husband (Tom Ewell) is smitten by the charms of his upstairs neighbor Tom Ewell admires Marilyn Monroe’s skirt in Billy Wilder’s The Seven Year Itch (1955). Marilyn […]...
2. Film in 1950s England One of the major directors in postwar England was Sir Carol Reed, whose films included The Third Man (1949), a tense tale of espionage set in Vienna after the war. Although Joseph Cotten plays the lead in the film, Orson Welles steals the picture as Harry Lime, an unscrupulous black marketeer who eventually meets his […]...
3. Documentary films in England The English documentary provided a brief ray of hope. Under the General Post Office and producer/director John Grierson, such films as Basil Wright’s Song of Ceylon (1934) and Wright and Harry Watt’s Night Mail (1936) demonstrated a new spirit of adventurousness in documentaries, which could not only report but also interpret events. Night Mail, for […]...
4. Germany in the Cold War In other parts of the world, film was undergoing a difficult transformation during the Cold War era. In the years immediately after the Second World War and Germany’s defeat, the cinema in Germany, not surprisingly, underwent a major metamorphosis. The Allies broke up the giant film production consortium UFA, and many smaller production houses were […]...
5. Hammer Horror Horror was also a popular genre in the 1950s English cinema. Hammer Films began in 1934 as a small studio specializing in commercial genre movies, then moved into a series of taut noir films in the early 1950s, many with American actors. But in the late 1950s, Hammer found a winning new formula with horror […]...
6. Frankenstein (1931) Clark Gable on loan from MGM as punishment for refusing to toe the line for MGM boss Louis B. Mayer, Capra created It Happened One Night (1934), which swept the Academy Awards, made Gable a major star overnight, and put Columbia on the map. MGM was widely considered the Tiffany of all the studios, making […]...
7. Charles Chaplin The film’s entire running gag consisted of Chaplin trying to get into the newsreel footage of the race and being repeatedly thrown out by irate officials in the process. Sennett also invented the famous Keystone Kops troupe, a group of slapstick performers who pretended to be policemen, and whose exploits invariably included wild chases, car […]...
8. Dorothyarzner In an industry that was deeply influenced by a group of women artists from the 1890s onward, only one woman survived the conglomeration of the industry in the late 1920s to direct during the sound era: Dorothy Arzner. Before Arzner, many women had been active as directors in early Hollywood, but nearly all had been […]...
9. The Australian renaissance Australia, where some of the earliest feature films had been produced, had long fallen into a creative slump. But in the 1970s, a combination of favorable tax breaks and government incentives allowed a new generation of “down under” filmmakers to break through to international prominence. Bruce Beresford’s The Adventures of Barry McKenzie (1972) was an […]...
10. Max Ophüls If Lubitsch saw the relationship between men and women as a playful battle of wits and whims, Max Ophüls was perhaps the supreme romanticist of the movies, both in his early work in Germany and his later work in the United States. Ophüls did not make a great many films, but his work is marked […]...
11. A short history of film He drifted over to Columbia and was soon working as an assistant director until he got his first chance as solo director on the “B” film One Mysterious Night (1944). From then on, Boetticher made a name for himself as a reliable and inventive director in a variety of genres, especially with a remarkable series […]...
12. Lewis Carroll (1832 -1898) Lewis Carroll was an English writer. His real name was Charles Dodgson. Charles Dodgson was the third child in the family. He had seven brothers and sisters. The children were brought up in the country among gardens, fields and woods. When Charles was twelve years old, he went to school. He was a good pupil. […]...
13. Thomas Edison Frames from the Lumière brothers’ L’Arrivée d’un train à La Ciotat (Arrival of a Train at La Ciotat, 1896). Of all the early film pioneers, it was Edison and his associates who most clearly saw the profit potential of the new medium. For the Lumière brothers, the cinema was but a curiosity; Louis had famously […]...
14. Музика в нашому житті. Music in Our Life Люди не можуть жити без музики. Вони слухають музику скрізь, навіть у лісі, коли гуляють і прислухаються до співу птахів. Музика буває класичною і сучасною. Класична музика виконується у великих залах симфонічними оркестрами. Є багато знаменитих композиторів, чия музика виконується в наші дні. Класична музика серйозна і вимагає гарного розуміння, інакше вона може видатися нудною […]...
15. Theatres in Britain One of the world’s major centres for theatre, Britain has a centuries-old dramatic tradition and about 300 theatres. There are several thousand amateur dramatic societies in Britain. The Royal Shakespeare Company performs in Stratford-upon Avon and at the Barbican Centre in London. A modern reconstruction of the Globe Theatre, close to its original site, is […]...
16. Lois Weber While Griffith labored on his epic films, other figures, both in the United States and abroad, were making their mark in the industry. Lois Weber, in particular, deserves attention. Born in 1881 in Allegheny, Pennsylvania, Weber was a child prodigy, touring as a concert pianist until the age of seventeen. Before she became an actress […]...
17. England’s Women in Film While Ida Lupino was the lone woman filmmaker working in Hollywood during the 1950s, at least three women were active within the industry during the same period in Great Britain. Muriel Box (born Violet Baker in 1905) worked her way into filmmaking through the ranks as a typist, “continuity girl,” and finally screenwriter. After a […]...
18. New cinema in Italy In Italy, the Neorealist school had long since evaporated. Vittorio De Sica acted in and/or directed a long series of conventional romantic comedies simply to keep working, although he did complete one final masterpiece, Il Giardino dei Finzi-Contini (The Garden of the Finzi-Continis), in 1971. However, Roberto Rossellini, ever adaptable, reinvented himself completely with a […]...
19. Problems with early sound Technological advances during this period were numerous. The first microphones for recording sound were clumsy and bulky and produced poor sound quality. Technicians insisted that the performers stand next to the microphones for optimal sound quality; this meant that both the camera and the actors stopped moving, resulting in static films that fans and critics […]...
20. The new American cinema Another important school of noncommercial filmmaking was the New American Cinema, a loosely knit group of artists who made experimental or underground movies in 16 mm on nonexistent budgets. These movies nevertheless profoundly influenced the language of cinema, in everything from MTV videos in the 1980s to television commercials, as well as the editorial and […]...
21. French occupation cinema In France during the war, with Paris under the Nazi occupation and the puppet Vichy government, only a few major filmmakers chose to stay behind and create a series of very subtly subversive films; otherwise, much of the Vichy cinema was sheer escapism. Marcel Carné’s Les Enfants du paradis (Children of Paradise, 1945), from a […]...
22. Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks Walt Disney, more than any other animator, made the cartoon short an integral part of the motion picture experience. He also pioneered the feature-length animated film with the ambitious Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937). Disney was not the sole creative force behind the production of his films, however. He started out teaming with […]...
23. Стилистический анализ текста: Agatha Christie “Where There;s a Will” The text under stylistic analysis is taken from the book “Where there;s a will” by Agatha Christie. It deals with the relations, between people of different generations and written in the style of fiction. The main idea of this text we can explain with the help of well-known proverb “where there;s a will, there;s a […]...
24. Renoir For his part, Jean Renoir continued his work as one of the foremost humanists of the cinema. His third and final period as a director begins with Le Fleuve (The River, 1951), an independently produced film based on Rumer Godden’s novel and shot entirely in Calcutta. This relaxed and contemplative coming-of-age story, beautifully photographed in […]...
25. John Ford John Wayne (foreground) as the Ringo Kid in John Ford’s classic western Stagecoach (1939). Despite the fact that the studio moguls ran their empires like medieval kingdoms, using equal measures of fear, flattery, blandishments, and threats, some of the greatest directors in the history of cinema flourished under the Hollywood studio system. John Ford rapidly […]...
26. Процесс создания новых вещей – The process of making a new product I have a diagram which illustrates the environmental issues by a product over its life cycle. There are seven steps of production before you get a product. According to the diagram, the first step is planning and design a product. This stage is the most important and significant because it s based on which way […]...
27. Fascist Italy While Germany under the Nazis was pursuing a cinematic strategy of escapist comedies, political propaganda, and epic spectacles, combined with liberal doses of “B” grade Hollywood films and Mickey Mouse cartoons (until 1939, when imports from the West were abruptly halted after the start of hostilities in Europe), Italy pursued a slightly different course. Benito […]...
28. Carl Laemmle and the trust Carl Laemmle was the first to fight back. The future founder of Universal Pictures, Laemmle created the Laemmle Film Service, later known as the Independent Moving Pictures Company (IMP), and began a bedrock campaign to shake nickelodeon owners out of their torpor and challenge the Edison Trust. One of the claims that the Trust made […]...
29. The Auteur Theory In the midst of all this technological tumult, a new group of American directors came of age, eager to embrace the shift to color and CinemaScope. They were also bolstered by the critical cheerleading of the French journal Cahiers du Cinéma, begun in 1947 by writer and theorist André Bazin (then La Revue du Cinéma, […]...
30. A short history of film the first “Movies” Working in Palo Alto, California, Muybridge’s most celebrated experiment took place near the beginning of his career, when he was hired by Leland Stanford, then governor of California, to settle a bet as to whether or not a horse had all four legs in the air during a race or relied upon one leg on […]...
31. The rise of television In the midst of this atmosphere of distrust and paranoia, the advent of television also loomed as a threat to the industry. In 1939, television was a novelty in the United States, featured as a scientific wonder at the World’s Fair in New York, but hardly a household item. The National Broadcasting Corporation began regular […]...
32. New cinema in England In England, the habitually excessive Ken Russell made a name for himself as a purveyor of over-the-top spectacle. Among his works are his adaptation of D. H. Lawrence’s Women in Love in 1969; his sensationalized biography of Tchaikovsky, The Music Lovers (1970); Tommy (1975), based on the Who’s rock opera of the same name; an […]...
33. Motion Pictures and the first amendment The Rossellini work that would have an even greater international impact was the second section of L’Amore, “The Miracle” (“II Miracolo”), following Cocteau’s “La Voix humaine” segment. With Tullio Pinelli and a young actor named Federico Fellini, soon to become one of the most important directors of the postwar Italian cinema, Rossellini co-wrote the story […]...
34. The Hollywood professionals Besides these major directors, a veritable army of skilled journeymen were trained to handle everyday directorial assignments. The studios supervised the careers of not only their actors, but also their directors, cinematogra-phers, and other key creative personnel, acting as a sort of finishing school for talent in support of the system. Directors often advanced to […]...
35. Как написать хитовую песню! – How to write a song! Have you ever written a song? If your answer is “yes”, you will have more experience in this question. After reading this article you find something interesting for you. If your answer is “no”, why not to try it right now? Let’s see what you should know to write a song! Step by step: 1. […]...
36. A short history of film Canada Canada had a resurgence of cinematic activity in the 1970s thanks to a generous subsidy program to encourage national filmmaking. The two major Jane Campion’s Sweetie (1989), a tale of sibling rivalry between Sweetie (Geneviève Lemon, left) and Kay (Karen Colston), is one of the most personal films of the New Australian cinema. Filmmakers to […]...
37. The production code collapses Another interesting aspect of Psycho was Hitchcock’s insistence to exhibitors that absolutely no one be admitted to the theater after the film had begun. By exerting this degree of control over his audience, Hitchcock managed to dictate not only every aspect of the film itself, but also the conditions under which it was viewed. Finally, […]...
38. Alice Guy Although many film histories ignore her importance in cinema history, the Frenchwoman Alice Guy is one of the inventors of the narrative film. Few of her films survive today, however, due to the twin exigencies of neglect and cellulose nitrate decay (all films made before 1950 were photographed on nitrate film, which produced a superior […]...
39. Silent movie masters Despite the fact that the studio system often stifled individual creativity, a number of gifted filmmakers managed to strike a balance between art and commerce and adapted to the studio system, making personal films that were also commercially successful. Allan Dwan, Rupert Julian, Henry King, and Fred Niblo all made expert genre films ranging from […]...
40. Silent filmmaking in England In England, the key film genres rapidly codified themselves into the colonial romance, parody films, melodramas, and domestic comedies. Following Cecil M. Hepworth’s success with Rescued by Rover (1905), the English film industry rapidly sought to emulate the American production-line method, with generally unsatisfactory results. Quantity was not the problem; originality, and even basic quality […]...